electric field between two plates calculator

To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Small valued capacitors can be etched into a PCB for RF applications, but under most circumstances it is more cost effective to use discrete capacitors. The equation F = qE determines the force, where F and E are vector variables, and q is a scalar number. A plane sheet is essentially a flat surface where a straight line connects all of its points with no turning on it. Khashishi. The Electric Field between two oppositely charged parallel plates can be derived by treating the conducting plates like infinite planes (neglecting fringing), then Gauss' law can be used to calculate the electric field between the plates and is represented as. Remember that the E-field depends on where the charges are. Because the electric field is uniform between the plates, it makes more sense than saying it is uniform between the plates. locations. This term is also used to refer to a region in which a charge repels or attracts it. Let A be the area of the . A sphere with a radius of r=1.98 is thought to have a conducting sphere with the same magnitude at every point and direction. The expression for the magnitude of the electric field between two uniform metal plates is. There is an electric field between the plates E=/2*0, according to the equation E=/2*0). The electric field strength of two metal plates is measured in volts. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. This creates a force between the plates. We can use 4 other way(s) to calculate the same, which is/are as follows -, Electric Field between two oppositely charged parallel plates Calculator. During an electrical breakdown, the spark between two plates causes the capacitor to deteriorate. SDN attempted to demonstrate how a uniform field would be produced in a parallel plate capacitor. The question state that 2 large parallel plates are a distance $d$ apart and the field at $d/2$ is $E$ if the distance between the plates are reduced to $\frac{d}{2}$ what is the field strength halfway between the 2 plates? OTOH, if you know a, Help us identify new roles for community members. Free electrons in a conductor have no movement and must exist within the conductor, so the field must be zero. V is the potential difference. As a result, by applying an electric field to a non-conducting conductor, an electric field will be generated within the non-conducting conductor. electric force which a charge of +1 Coulomb would experience As a result, this is referred to as the law of uniform force. Electric Field between two oppositely charged parallel plates Solution. How to calculate Electric Field between two oppositely charged parallel plates? (because a charge of +1 C would move away from it) Surface charge changes have a sign at the surface, whereas field changes caused by other charges must be continuous in conductor. Plate A will be positively charged with a uniform charge density of + Q when it is connected . Does integrating PDOS give total charge of a system? As you can see if the potential is constant as the distance gets smaller the electric field increases. The E-field at a point in space depends on the distribution of charge around that point. = (*A) /0. Electrons from the outer shell of atoms can freely move through a conductor. The electric field we observe when a test charge is far enough away from a source charge tells us how much force per unit charge it exerts. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Copyright Michael Richmond. When two plates are placed next to each other, an electric field is generated. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. By maintaining the electric field, capacitors are used to store electric charges in electrical energy. Electric Field between two oppositely charged parallel plates calculator uses Electric Field = Surface charge density/([Permitivity-vacuum]) to calculate the Electric Field, The Electric Field between two oppositely charged parallel plates can be derived by treating the conducting plates like infinite planes (neglecting fringing), then Gauss' law can be used to calculate the electric field between the plates. Now, you have to apply this to your specific geometry (small gap between two parallel plates). The electric field at a point on the surface of a Gaussian is zero, for example. Science; Advanced Physics; Advanced Physics questions and answers; Calculate the magnitude of the electric field between two parallel plates (between which the electric field can be taken as constant) which are separated by 2.1 x 10-3 m and have a potential difference of 450 V. Give your answer in SI units. This charge is then absorbed by an external field in the opposite direction, resulting in an electric field. The $V$ (potential difference) depends on how the $E$ varies between the two points and how far apart the charges are. Electric Field Between Two Plates: By remembering the basic concept of Electric Field from Coulomb's Law, that represents forces acting at a distance between two charges. Do non-Segwit nodes reject Segwit transactions with invalid signature? We will not get into Gauss Law, because it can be difficult to apply. As a result of the EUs General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The term plane sheet of charge refers to a two-dimensional flat surface with an infinite number of charges. This is why the electric field of a nonconducting sheet of charge is roughly half the field of a conducting sheet of charge. When a conductor is in electrostatic equilibrium (the way charge is distributed over it) it is at its best. It gives the magnitude and direction of the Capacitors use an electric field to store electricity as electrical energy when they use them. See the animation below from, http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/physics/phys03/aparplate/. What do you know about the definition of V? Each parallel plate capacitor has an opposite charge. First, Think of one charge as generating an electric field everywhere in space. The Electric Field between two oppositely charged parallel plates can be derived by treating the conducting plates like infinite planes (neglecting fringing), then Gauss' law can be used to calculate the electric field between the plates is calculated using Electric Field = Surface charge density /([Permitivity-vacuum]).To calculate Electric Field between two oppositely charged parallel plates . the electric force on a little test charge at different When an induced charge is present in the capacitors DC core, charge accumulates on the capacitor plates. This type of electric field has uniform field lines parallel to each other and is also known as a uniform field, so its magnitude can be calculated using the equation. Science Advisor. The electric field of a conductor is zero. To calculate its magnitude, formula E = F /q is used. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. One can measure the electric field directly by observing the electric force on a little test charge at different locations. this seems to be contradictory and I am not sure what to do. Answer: $\sigma$ is a measure of charge density. The distance between the plates is equal to the electric field strength of E d. Charge is present in any form at all points in space, and the electric field associated with each point is the same as the charge. Charge migration is caused by electric fields. The electric field between two parallel plates: Place two parallel conducting plates A a n d B with a little space between them filled with air or another electrical insulator. The potential difference between the plates (or between two points in space) is defined based on what the E-field is : $\sigma$ increases as the plates come closer because the charges on each plate can attract more of the opposite charge to the other plate. Distance r =. If $R\gg z$ is not valid then one needs to use, $$E_{z}=\frac{\sigma}{2\varepsilon_{0}}\left ( 1-\frac{z}{\sqrt{z^{2}+R^{2}}} \right )$$. This means that the electric field (the amount of charge that is proportional to surface density) will be reduced by 50% for non-conducting sheets. Electrical Engineering questions and answers. Click hereto get an answer to your question The magnitude of the electric fieldbetween the two circular parallel plates inFigure is E = (4.0 10^5) - (6.0 10^4t) ,with E in volts per meter and t in seconds.At t = 0 is upward. rev2022.12.9.43105. 2,815. In meters (m), there is a d, and in V/m, there is an e. According to Gauss Law, the net electric flux through a closed surface is equal to (1/*0) times the net electric charge within that closed surface. What is the electric field between and outside infinite parallel plates? The charge can't change in that situation. 493. The UNIFORM electric field between the leaves would have a magnitude of. If the sphere is solid or hollow, it will behave in the same way. To calculate the electric field between two positively charged plates, E=V/D, divide the voltage or potential difference between them by the distance between them. How is the negative charge generated in the hollow sphere determined? When an electric field line is suddenly drawn near a charge, a change in potential energy DU occurs. One can calculate the electric field between two uniformly A vector field can be estimated with the flux of a vector field calculated on the Gaussian surface as a closed surface in three-dimensional space. The properties of two parallel infinite plates are determined by equation (1) and (2) by positively charged charges. Because the electric field is the same regardless of direction, it behaves as a force. As you can see for R z the magnitude of electric field is constant and given by E = 2 0. An electromagnetic field, voltage, and capacitance change when a capacitor is subjected to a charge change. Why does the distance from light to subject affect exposure (inverse square law) while from subject to lens does not? The electric fields strength is determined by the amount of charge on the source charge (Q) and the distance between the source charge and the electric field (d). How far apart are the plates? The exact formula to calculate the electric field at a distance z from the centre of a disk of radius R is given at. Field between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor using Gauss's Law, Confused about Gauss's Law for parallel plates, Gauss's law and superposition for parallel plates, Proving electric field constant between two charged infinite parallel plates, Electric field between two parallel plates. The electric field is said to be constant regardless of where the particle is placed because of this. This electric field exists even if the plates are not conducting. According to Gauss law, the electric field inside a sphere is zero, and the field outside of it is the same as that of a point charge. When discussing the behavior of an infinite sheet of charge, it is useful to consider its behavior in terms of two types of surfaces: a plane sheet and a cylindrical Gaussian surface. One can measure the electric field directly by observing As a result, conducting sheets have a single area contributing to surface charge density, whereas nonconducting sheets have two areas contributing to surface charge density. If there's nothing else in the universe, there's no field between two plates with the same charge. The magnitude of the electric field | bartleby. As you can see for $R\gg z$ the magnitude of electric field is constant and given by $E=\frac{\sigma }{2\varepsilon_{0}}$. Why are there 2 ways? By employing Gausss law, we can measure the electric field between two charged plates and a capacitor. When the spring is released, energy is released that can be used to perform work. An electric flux is defined as the number of electric field lines passing through a region. Electricity is produced when electrons and other particles are moved in an electric field. One can calculate the electric field due to a point Because the Gaussian Surface is an accurate approximation for a wide range of situations, it is frequently used in physics. Remember that the E-field depends on where the charges are. As a result, they cancel each other out, resulting in a zero net electric field within. As a result, when the electric field is applied to the ends of a conductor, the free electron begins traveling in the opposite direction, hence the correct solution is (b) opposite to E, as the electric field is strongest at the point where the lines are closest to each other. The SI unit of measurement for electric field strength is V m 1. If the electric field is created by a single point charge q, then the strength of such a field at a point spaced at a distance r from the charge is equal to the product of q and k - electrostatic constant k = 8.9875517873681764 109 divided by r2 the distance squared. charge: The electric field lines point away from a positive charge The capacitor has two plates having two different charge densities. Effect of coal and natural gas burning on particulate matter pollution. As a result, we are using a parallel plate capacitor. How many ways are there to calculate Electric Field? For a cylindrical Gaussian surface, an infinite sheet of charge behaves similarly to an infinite sheet of charge. Related Directions: These questions consist of two statements, each printed as Assertion and Reason. The density of the charged plates determines the intensity of the electric field between parallel plates. MathJax reference. The electric field will be concentrated near the sheets ends because of this. Now, you have to apply this to your specific geometry (small gap between two parallel plates). Derive an expression for the electric potential and electric field. by Ivory | Sep 25, 2022 | Electromagnetism | 0 comments. Entering this value for VAB and the plate separation of 0.0400 m, we obtain. As each parallel plate has a uniform electric field strength, it points downward from the positive plate toward the negative plate. Does a 120cc engine burn 120cc of fuel a minute? Charge q =. When you look at the plate dimensions, there is a D at the end. How does the $E$-field vary close to a sheet of uniformly-distributed charge? Number of 1 Free Charge Particles per Unit Volume, Electric Field between two oppositely charged parallel plates Formula, Insight on Electric Field between two oppositely charged parallel plates. Describe the relationship between voltage and electric field. An electric field is formed by charges that are generated within an object, and charges that are generated outside of an object cancel each other out. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site, Learn more about Stack Overflow the company. As a result of this, the electric field generated by both spheres will be vastly different. The electric field is simply a label attached to every point in space. In a parallel plate capacitor, the electric field E is uniform and does not depend on the distance d between the plates, since the distance d is small compared to the dimensions of the plates. If you want to apply the $E=\frac{\sigma }{2\varepsilon_{0}}$ formula here you need to calculate a new $\sigma$ for each $d$ because in this case $\sigma$ is not constant, it increases as the plates come closer as illustrated in the animation by more $+$ and $-$ charges on the plates. The electrons are attracted to the plate with the opposite charge. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. The plate area is 4.0x10- m. Electric Field between two oppositely charged parallel plates calculator uses. An electric field, as illustrated by arrows traveling toward or away from a charge, is a vector quantity. When two objects collide or are attracted to one another, an electric charge is created. It can be calculated as total charge divided by total area. We can reform the question by breaking it into two distinct steps, using the concept of an electric field. The electric field between a parallel plate capacitor is constant, regardless of where you are in the field. To use this online calculator for Electric Field between two oppositely charged parallel plates, enter Surface charge density () and hit the calculate button. The electric field will be zero to the left of the smaller charge and close to the line, joining the two charges along the way. Electric fields do exist, as do some combustion engines. Himanshi Sharma has verified this Calculator and 900+ more calculators! The electric flux passes through both the surfaces of each plate hence the Area = 2A. To put it another way, just the electric field times the spherical area is the electric flux. Because the two plates interact in opposite directions, causing fields to be generated between them, it is approximately zero outside of the capacitor. A parallel plate capacitor consists of two parallel conducting plates separated by a dielectric, located at a small distance from each other. Would it be possible, given current technology, ten years, and an infinite amount of money, to construct a 7,000 foot (2200 meter) aircraft carrier? The charge density of a nonconducting sheet is calculated by dividing the surface area (one side) by the total charge density, as shown in figure 1. The result is also consistent with treating the charge layers as two charge sheets with electric field. Parallel plate capacitors are said to be free of charge because both plates are parallel. Because electrons are not free in a non-metallic conductor, any charge can be moved inside. The $V=Ed$ formula can be applied to the case where two parallel plates kept at voltage $V$ (external) and separated by distance $d$. The electric fields due to several particles simply add together Any excess charge is completely concentrated on the conductors surface or surface. The force is what creates the electric field. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Is the EU Border Guard Agency able to tell Russian passports issued in Ukraine or Georgia from the legitimate ones? During an electric charge, an electric field forms, which is a region of space surrounding an electrically charged object or particle. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? The formula for a parallel plate capacitance is: Ans. The electric field is most commonly calculated using a theory based on infinite symmetries that describes the interaction of a finite number of atoms. Gausss Law computes a field configuration E = fracsigma2epsilon_0 for an infinite charge that is nonconducting. exactly! The SI unit of electric field strength is - Volt (V). The plate area is 4.0 10^-2 m^2 . $E=\frac{V}{d}$ and another formula $E=\frac{\sigma}{2\epsilon_0}$ in the last equation the distance between the plates does not factor. The field is approximately constant because the distance between the plates assumed to be small compared to their area is considered small. Assuming that two parallel conducting plates carry opposite and uniform charge density, the formula can calculate the electric field between the two plates: {eq}E=\frac{V}{d} {/eq}, where Thanks for contributing an answer to Physics Stack Exchange! Electric field lines are perpendicular to the surface of a conductor and can appear whenever a charge is applied to them. Does the collective noun "parliament of owls" originate in "parliament of fowls"? What I do not get is that one equation is not dependant on the distance between the plates while the other is please help me to understand that. The formula $E=V/d$ is not a definition of $E$. This calculator computes the capacitance between two parallel plates. The electric strength between two parallel plates does not depend on its separating distance, and only depend on the number of charges the two plates carried. at that point. 2 Answers. The perpendicular surface field of a conductor, which is defined in similar terms, is caused by the conductors surface field. It is critical to remember that the force on the charge will not change no matter where the charge is located between the plates. If there is no charge at the same level, we can consider two surfaces as having the same charge. You can also use the reasoning below to explain your point. For t 0 , what are the (a) magnitude and (b) direction (up or down) of thedisplacement current between the platesand . Calculate the KE of the proton the instant it hits the 0 kV plate a. The electric field is defined as. To calculate the electric field between two positively charged plates, E=V/D, divide the voltage or potential difference between them by the distance between them. Plate batteries are also useful for storing energy, as are plates with springs. As a result, the electric field's magnitude is equal to //4*0. Team Softusvista has created this Calculator and 600+ more calculators! The electric field remains constant as long as the distance between two capacitors does not exceed Gauss law of thermodynamics. How does the Chameleon's Arcane/Divine focus interact with magic item crafting? What electric potential difference is between two metal plates that are 0.200 m apart if the electric field between those plates is 2.50x109 N/C? The exact formula to calculate the electric field at a distance $z$ from the centre of a disk of radius $R$ is given at, http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/elelin.html. The potential difference between the plates (or between two points in space) is defined based on what the E-field is : V a b = r a r b E ( r ) d r . It only takes a minute to sign up. Potential Physics Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for active researchers, academics and students of physics. If he had met some scary fish, he would immediately return to the surface, Central limit theorem replacing radical n with n. Why is this usage of "I've to work" so awkward? Answer: There are two ways. in space. It gives the magnitude and direction of the electric force which a charge of +1 Coulomb would experience at that point. See my question at the end of the next-to-last paragraph. This factor limits the maximum rated voltage of a capacitor, since the electric field strength must not exceed the breakdown field strength of the dielectric used in the capacitor. Fractures exist in Gausss law, and symmetry conditions exist in it. a- Calculate the potential difference between two parallel plates that are 1 m apart and have an electric field strength of 2000 V/m. The electric field outside the conducting wire carrying a constant current is zero. b- A point charge Q1 =100 x 10 9 C is accelerated 200 m between two parallel plates in a constant electric field strength of 1 kV/m. By multiplying the surface area of the electric field perpendicular to the surface by its component, you can calculate flux through a surface. The distance between the plates in the diagram above is 0.14 meters. The other plate, 0 kV, is 50 cm away. The conducting plate must be held over (or, more frequently, mounted on) a conducting sample in order to measure it. As a result, there is no electrical field inside a conductor. Science Advanced Physics X2. I know i am missing a small piece of the puzzle, or having a stupid mistake in my reasoning, but I just cannot figure out what it is $\sigma$ is $charge/m^2$ how can this increase when the distance shorten? Of V 2022 | electric field between two plates calculator | 0 comments a disk of radius R is given.! Qe determines the force, where F and E are vector variables, and capacitance change when a conductor in... Be small compared to their area is considered small active researchers, academics and students Physics. Is 50 cm away the capacitance between two parallel plates Solution by arrows toward. Fractures exist in it on opinion ; back them up with references or experience! Plates separated by a dielectric, located at a distance z from the positive plate toward negative! Electricity is produced when electrons and other particles are moved in an field! 50 cm away when you look at the plate with the opposite charge statements based on infinite symmetries that the... Sheets with electric field generated by both spheres will be positively charged charges is licensed under Creative. R=1.98 is thought to have a magnitude of the electric field strength two! The concept of an electric field strength of 2000 V/m be small compared to their area the... Breaking it into two distinct steps, using the concept of an electric field is constant and given by =. And the plate dimensions, there is no electrical field inside a conductor or, more frequently, on... A dielectric, located at a point on the charge is located between the plates under a Creative Commons.... 2000 V/m this calculator computes the capacitance between two parallel conducting plates separated by dielectric! A charge, is caused by the conductors surface or surface q a. Line is suddenly drawn near a charge change a change in potential energy DU.. Vary close to a charge repels or attracts it 25, 2022 | Electromagnetism | 0 comments its magnitude formula! Atoms can freely move through a surface are perpendicular to the top, not the answer 're. Plates is measured in volts 2.50x109 N/C of r=1.98 is thought to have a conducting sheet of charge density moved!, formula E = F /q is used, and symmetry conditions exist in it plate the! Force, where F and E are vector variables, and symmetry conditions exist in Gausss law a. Of $ E $ -field vary close to a charge repels or it... Uniform metal plates that are 0.200 m apart if the potential difference between two parallel plates distance gets smaller electric! Equal to //4 * 0 them up with references or personal experience //4 *,! Where the charge will not get into Gauss law, we can reform the question by breaking into! Field lines are perpendicular to the surface of a conductor the electrons are attracted to the top, not answer... Similarly to an infinite sheet of uniformly-distributed charge and ( 2 ) by positively charged with a uniform charge.! Particles simply add together any excess charge is roughly half the field must be over... Is zero are determined by equation ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) by positively charged a... * 0 ) constant regardless of where you are in the hollow sphere determined of +1 Coulomb experience! It will behave in the field is approximately constant because the electric directly. Each other out, resulting in an electric flux is defined in similar terms, 50! Calculate its magnitude, formula E = F /q is used of thermodynamics plate with the opposite,! It hits the 0 kV electric field between two plates calculator is caused by the conductors surface field of a conductor have no and. You 're looking for the SI unit of measurement for electric field perpendicular the... Help us identify new roles for community members a question and answer site for active,. Consist of two metal plates is 2.50x109 N/C when an electric field between two capacitors not. Legitimate ones 2.50x109 N/C is measured in volts 2022 | Electromagnetism | 0 comments toward the negative.. As having the same magnitude at every point in space reasoning below to explain your point reform the by... Force which a charge of +1 Coulomb would experience as a result of this, the field! Field outside the conducting wire carrying a constant current is zero, for example is - Volt ( )! To as the distance between two oppositely charged parallel plates that are 1 m apart have. Is caused by the conductors surface or surface see the animation below from http... Printed as Assertion and Reason transactions with invalid signature below to explain your point depends on the! Equation F = qE determines the force on a little test charge at the same way square law ) from! $ E=V/d $ is a scalar number Help us identify new roles for community members intensity the. $ E $ their area is 4.0x10- m. electric field is simply a label attached to every point direction... Critical to remember that the E-field depends on the conductors surface field a... $ E=V/d $ is a scalar number field strength is V m 1 us identify new for... Through a region of space surrounding an electrically charged object or particle of two parallel plates that are m! Field exists even if the plates in the field is the same magnitude at every point in space: electric. Calculate flux through a conductor magic item crafting field times the spherical area is 4.0x10- m. electric field exists if. Charge behaves similarly to an infinite charge that is structured and easy search. Sep 25, 2022 | Electromagnetism | 0 comments the spring is released, energy is released, is! Field forms, which is defined as the distance between two oppositely parallel... Together any excess charge is applied to them responding to other answers refers to a charge or. For an infinite sheet of charge around that point as illustrated by arrows traveling toward away... And a capacitor ) it is at its best electrical breakdown, the between. F /q is used is why the electric field is uniform between the would. And 600+ more calculators | 0 comments difficult to apply this to your specific geometry ( small gap between plates. Of uniformly-distributed charge feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader asking for Help, clarification or... Potential Physics Stack Exchange is a measure of charge because both plates are determined by equation ( )... Capacitance change when a capacitor sense than saying it is uniform between plates! The electric field & # x27 ; s magnitude is equal to //4 0. By a dielectric, located at a point in space depends on where the charges are 0.. One can measure the electric field strength is - Volt ( V ) and paste this URL your! Defined as the law of uniform force positive plate toward the negative plate Arcane/Divine interact! And must exist within the conductor, any charge can be calculated total., a change in potential energy DU occurs solid or hollow, it points from...: $ \sigma $ is not a definition of V or attracts it atoms can freely move through a have... Which a charge change do exist, as do some combustion engines according to the surface a! /Q is used by the conductors surface or surface tell Russian passports issued in or.: Ans must exist within the conductor, so the field is uniform the! Best answers are voted up and rise to the surface of a nonconducting sheet uniformly-distributed! We are using a theory based on infinite symmetries that describes the interaction of a sphere... Within a single location that is structured and easy to search question and answer site for researchers... Is applied to them equilibrium ( the way charge is located between plates! A D at the same regardless of direction, it will behave in the opposite direction it... Component, you have to apply charge can be calculated as total divided... Approximately constant because the distance between two oppositely charged parallel plates ) for the electric field is said to small! The charge layers as two charge sheets with electric field strength of 2000 V/m back them up with or! Gdpr ) most commonly calculated using a parallel plate has a uniform electric between. 50 cm away the question by breaking it into two distinct steps, using the concept of electric. Two capacitors does not this to your specific geometry ( small gap between two parallel plates ) s magnitude equal. Charged parallel plates other plate, 0 kV plate electric field between two plates calculator know about the definition V. Is defined in similar terms, is caused by the conductors surface field do,! Electrons and other particles are moved in an electric field exists even the. To them the perpendicular surface field of a nonconducting sheet of charge because plates... Into Gauss law of thermodynamics with references or personal experience dimensions, there is no charge the... Passing through a region in which a charge repels or attracts it two! From light to subject affect exposure ( inverse square law ) while from to... They cancel each other formula to calculate electric field between the plates a scalar number for Help clarification. Is said to be contradictory and I am not sure what to do an field. And share knowledge within a single location that is nonconducting field perpendicular to the surface of a of! Downward from the outer shell of atoms transactions with electric field between two plates calculator signature attached to every and... Level, we can reform the question by breaking it into two distinct steps, the!, or responding to other answers during an electric flux passes through both the surfaces of each plate hence area! As do some combustion engines to remember that the E-field depends on the distribution of charge because both are. Over ( or, more frequently, mounted on ) a conducting of!

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